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<\/a><\/p>\nPublished in 1983, The Potential of Glasgow City Centre<\/em> is a landmark report. Produced by McKinsey & Co., the US-based consultancy, and Gordon Cullen, an urban design consultant, it was commissioned by the Scottish Development Agency and informed by Glasgow Action, a group convened by city business leaders to work with the then District Council of Glasgow, Strathclyde Regional Council, and the Scottish Development Agency. It aimed to formulate a strategy and mobilise action \u201cto realize the economic and physical potential of Glasgow city centre\u201d (p. 1). The report embodied the city\u2019s search for a way out from the \u201csevere threat\u201d (5) facing Glasgow of a \u201cspiral of decline\u201d (5) caused by de-industrialisation and the intensified job loss in manufacturing in the early 1980s<\/p>\nThe anatomy of \u2018city centrism\u2019<\/em><\/p>\nThe report is an early example and touchstone of \u2018city centrism\u2019: a narrative and policy repertoire that has since become an enduring influence on urban and regional development thinking and policy in Britain and beyond. Several constituent and related elements are articulated:<\/p>\n
\n- Acceleration of the transition to an urban service economy to \u201crevitalize the city centre\u201d (3), \u201cstimulate the economic regeneration of the city as a whole\u201d (3), and \u201clay the foundations of its economic future\u201d (55) because service industries were the \u201conly realistic opportunity for employment growth\u201d (3). Central to this theme was an emphasis upon upgrading especially in terms of \u201cattracting HQs\u201d \u2013 building upon newly privatised Britoil\u2019s move to Glasgow in 1982 \u2013 alongside stimulating demand for and growth of \u201cbusiness services\u201d (10), expanding the \u201csoftware industry\u201d (20) especially applications in \u201coffice automation\u201d and \u201cinteractive cable services\u201d (20) for this \u201cnatural software capital of Silicon Glen\u201d (24), and constructing a venture capital network. The development of \u201cexportable\u201d (10) services was important too including merchant banking, advertising, consultancy in construction and engineering, and computer software. Key measures were focused on improving the attractiveness of the city, business linkages to universities, and appropriate education and training provision.<\/li>\n
- A central city focus upon the needs and dynamism of the urban core as the \u201cnatural location\u201d (3) for most business and many consumer services. Integral was the creation of a \u201ccompact\u201d (54) and \u201cmagnetic\u201d (35) economic centre as the centripetal \u201cspark\u201d (35) for an \u201cimplosion\u201d (35) of urban economic dynamism rather than a centrifugal explosion of decentralised suburbanism since by \u201cavoiding sprawl and concentrating the nerve centres of the city, the fire may start to burn\u201d (35).<\/li>\n
- Identification of \u201ccommercial opportunities\u201d (1) for \u201cprivate sector investment\u201d (1) assisted by the relaxation of conservation policies and provision of public support for existing building refurbishment.<\/li>\n
- Improvement of the city\u2019s \u201cenvironment\u201d (2) and \u201cimage\u201d (2) to enhance the city\u2019s \u201cproduct\u201d (2) and make it more \u201cattractive\u201d (2) as a business base. The aim was to retain especially the city\u2019s better qualified and younger population and to attract people from outside such as corporate executive decision-makers, skilled, motivated and talented people \u2013 with the availability, cost and quality of \u201cexecutive housing\u201d (15) and \u201chigh-quality offices\u201d (16) of particular concern \u2013 and other business (e.g. for specialised short courses) and tourism visitors.<\/li>\n
- Improvement of \u201cinternational airlinks\u201d (14), road and rail travel connections.<\/li>\n
- Joint or \u2018partnership\u2019 working between the public and private sectors including local and national government and specialised agencies.<\/li>\n
- A turn to the US for examples and inspiration including the aquarium in Baltimore, Boston\u2019s repeated reinvention, and the attractiveness of Atlanta, Minneapolis, and Californian cities as places to live and work. Indeed, the choice of McKinsey & Co. to produce Glasgow\u2019s early strategic analysis is closely related to what has become an engrained enthusiasm for American urbanism in British urban policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Such thinking was innovative at the time and relatively early compared to other British cities. Indeed, it was six years later at the close of the 1980s that urban scholar David Harvey coined the idea of \u2018urban entrepreneurialism\u2019 to capture this package of changes.<\/p>\n
City centrism and the Glasgow experience<\/em><\/p>\nSome twenty-five years on \u2013 a whole generation \u2013 these ideas have cohered into an enduring, dominant and familiar narrative and policy mix of city centrism. For Glasgow since the early 1980s, large scale, rapid and sustained deindustrialisation configured the formulation of multi-faceted development strategies and policies with particular objectives and the design of institutional arrangements with specific and integrated remits both sectorally and geographically (Glasgow Case Study report Working Paper 8<\/a>). The relatively small size and weakness of the private sector and scale of economic change in Glasgow situated the public sector as the lead actor working with business leaders and public policies as the key interventions in trying to shape economic adaptation. As The Potential of Glasgow City Centre<\/em> demonstrates, institutions and policies prioritised supporting transition to a service-led and city-centre focus to attract and develop growth sectors creating a particular service economy that has since shaped the further evolution of the city economy. The public sector institutions were hampered in their roles and responses to economic change through the UK and Scotland\u2019s centralised governance system, the historical and ongoing change, churn and disruption in institutions and policies and their relatively small-scale in relation to the magnitude of change, and the effects of mostly spatially blind national policies such as macro-economic, research and education, and transport. City policies \u2013 such as spatial planning, city centre regeneration, investment attraction, innovation, and skills \u2013 have supported structural evolution towards services. However, they have struggled to influence the direction of the transformation, especially its drift toward lower productivity services and some but not large scale growth of higher-end services, or to deliver more inclusive forms of growth by better spreading the benefits of growth across the city and wider city-region. City centrism, then, presents more of a mixed picture than panacea for urban development and policy.<\/p>\nAndy Pike is the Henry Daysh Professor of Regional Development Studies at the Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies (CURDS), Newcastle University, UK. He is part of the ESRC-funded project on City Economic Evolutions<\/a> led by Professor Ron Martin at the University of Cambridge and involving other colleagues in Cambridge and the Universities of Aston and Southampton, and Cambridge Econometrics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Posted by Andy Pike, 19th February 2018 Published in 1983, The Potential of Glasgow City Centre is a landmark report. Produced by McKinsey & Co., the US-based consultancy, and Gordon Cullen, an urban design consultant, it was commissioned by the … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5110,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-uncategorized","post_format-post-format-image"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5110"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=476"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":499,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476\/revisions\/499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/curds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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