{"id":112,"date":"2024-12-28T12:57:04","date_gmt":"2024-12-28T12:57:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/?p=112"},"modified":"2024-12-28T12:57:05","modified_gmt":"2024-12-28T12:57:05","slug":"learning-resource-on-ethics-health-care-and-artificial-intelligence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/2024\/12\/28\/learning-resource-on-ethics-health-care-and-artificial-intelligence\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning resource on ethics, health care, and artificial intelligence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u502b\u7406\u3001\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u7fd2\u6559\u6750 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00a9 2024, Jan Deckers and Eisuke Nakazawa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"482\" height=\"81\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-115\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">Preliminary note \/ \u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This learning resource was developed by Jan Deckers with advice from Eisuke Nakazawa, who wrote the Japanese translation. The Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation provided the funding. This learning material was developed primarily to help students, particularly those in various health care disciplines, to think through some of the moral dilemmas associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care. It may appeal also to many other students and scholars. You can work through this resource at your own pace. It may take you around 3 hrs to do this. The text is interspersed with moments of reflection where you might like to pause and think for a while, before moving on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u30ea\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a33\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u305fEisuke Nakazawa\u306e\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066Jan Deckers\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b0\u30ec\u30a4\u30c8\u30d6\u30ea\u30c6\u30f3\u30fb\u30b5\u30b5\u30ab\u30ef\u8ca1\u56e3\u304c\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u6559\u6750\u306f\u3001\u7279\u306b\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\uff08AI\uff09\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u502b\u7406\u7684\u306a\u30b8\u30ec\u30f3\u30de\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u652f\u63f4\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4ed6\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u3084\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6559\u6750\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u5b66\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u901a\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u7d043\u6642\u9593\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3068\u898b\u7a4d\u3082\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6559\u6750\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8003\u3048\u308b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u8a2d\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u300c\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593\u300d\u304c\u631f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9032\u3080\u524d\u306b\u3072\u3068\u606f\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">1. Objectives \/ \u76ee\u7684<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This learning resource has been developed to stimulate ethical discussion of how health care might be improved and undermined by the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and how AI systems ought to be designed and used to promote health care. While recognising that all biological organisms have interests in health, the focus here is primarily on human health care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u6559\u6750\u306f\u3001AI\u306e\u958b\u767a\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3057\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u640d\u306a\u3046\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305fAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u559a\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u672c\u6559\u6750\u306f\u3001\u304a\u3088\u305d\u751f\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3082\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following questions will be discussed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How to ensure that AI for health care is evidence-based?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How to navigate the black box of AI?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How to use AI data responsibly?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the ethical issues related to the use of carebots?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is the use of AI for health care sustainable?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does AI change human self-understandings or identities, and does it do so for better and\/or for worse?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do people produce conscious entities when they create AI systems?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u6559\u6750\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u304c\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u306e\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3069\u3046\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u4ecb\u8b77\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff09\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u502b\u7406\u7684\u554f\u984c\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u308c\u306f\u826f\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306a\u306e\u304b\u60aa\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">2. How to ensure that AI for health care is evidence-based? \/<strong> \u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u304c\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Those who design AI systems for health care should use evidence to develop such systems, but they may not be willing to do so. While disease prevention and health promotion should, arguably, be guiding the development of AI in health care, AI designers are not always motivated primarily by these goals due to the existence of conflicts of interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u958b\u767a\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306b\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u672c\u6765\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u4e88\u9632\u3084\u5065\u5eb7\u4fc3\u9032\u304c\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2AI\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3092\u5c0e\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u53cd\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001AI\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u76ee\u6a19\u3060\u3051\u3092\u52d5\u6a5f\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect for a moment on what sorts of conflicts of interests might drive the development of AI systems for health care?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3092\u52d5\u6a5f\u3065\u3051\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u53cd\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"553\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-116\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 1: CC BY-SA 3.0; Conflict Of Interest by Nick Youngson; Alpha Stock Images; https:\/\/www.picpedia.org\/keyboard\/c\/conflict-of-interest.html<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Companies that design AI systems for health care know that they should take some interest in health as their systems would be highly unlikely to be used if they undermined health. However, they might be designed to promote the health of some at the cost of that of others. For example, by being designed in such ways that users are likely to buy particular products, the financial interests of (sponsors of) AI companies might be advanced significantly. These financial benefits might promote them, at the expense of many others (Strickland 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f01\u696d\u304c\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u5065\u5eb7\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5065\u5eb7\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u3092\u72a0\u7272\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5546\u54c1\u3092\u8cfc\u5165\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001AI\u4f01\u696d\u306e\uff08\u30b9\u30dd\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\uff09\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u304c\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u4fc3\u9032\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 (Strickland 2019)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even where conflicts of interests are eliminated, what we class as \u2018evidence\u2019 will inevitably be biased by the particular conceptions of truth that we all have. An AI designer might, for example, be biased either consciously or unconsciously by the assumption that our understanding of medicine should be based largely on scientific data derived from the study of male bodies, thereby ignoring the possibility that this science may not apply to the bodies of others. The upshot might be an AI system that performs well for males, but less well for others. Such gender bias is common both in medicine and in AI systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u5229\u5bb3\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u304c\u6392\u9664\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u304c\u300c\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u300d\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u5404\u3005\u304c\u6301\u3064\u771f\u5b9f\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u504f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u907f\u3051\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001AI\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u306f\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u307e\u305f\u306f\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u3001\u300c\u533b\u5b66\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u7537\u6027\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u305f\u79d1\u5b66\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3060\u300d\u3068\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u306b\u504f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u7537\u6027\u306b\u306f\u512a\u308c\u305f\u6027\u80fd\u3092\u767a\u63ee\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u504f\u308a\u306f\u3001\u533b\u7642\u3084AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3067\u3088\u304f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The important thing is to separate unjustifiable from justifiable bias, as well as to avoid discarding sources of bias from cultural traditions that are different from one\u2019s own without serious critical scrutiny. Sometimes, unjustified bias may not be able to be eliminated without causing a greater injustice. In such situations, one must try to recognise (the possibility of) bias, and try to ensure that the injustice is the lesser evil compared to another injustice (Loughlin 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u504f\u308a\u3068\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3067\u304d\u308b\u504f\u308a\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4f1d\u7d71\u304b\u3089\u306e\u504f\u308a\u3092\u3001\u5341\u5206\u306b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u6392\u9664\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053<strong>\u3068<\/strong>\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u504f\u308a\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u5225\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u4e0d\u6b63\u7fa9\u3092\u751f\u3080\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u306f\u3001\u504f\u308a\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0d\u6b63\u7fa9\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u4e0d\u6b63\u7fa9\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 (Loughlin 2008)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"627\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-118\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 2: CC BY-SA 3.0; Evidence based by Nick Youngson; Pix4free; https:\/\/pix4free.org\/photo\/31575\/evidence-based.html<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How would you separate evidence from falsehood?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u8aa4\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u533a\u5225\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An AI system may recommend that a London bus should be red as it might be \u2018trained\u2019 on images of London buses being red. Similarly, it might recommend that Wenxin Keli should be used to treat patients with atrial fibrillation from data that shows that many patients with atrial fibrillation take Wenxin Keli. However, it is important to separate correlation from causation. The fact that two things are frequently correlated does not imply that one thing causes another. To count as evidence in health care, one must establish that taking a particular substance or receiving a particular treatment causes a particular outcome (Deckers 2023: chapter 6, particularly 6.4-6.6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u300c\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u306e\u30d0\u30b9\u306f\u8d64\u8272\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u300d\u3068\u63a8\u5968\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u306e\u30d0\u30b9\u304c\u8d64\u8272\u3067\u3042\u308b\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u5fc3\u623f\u7d30\u52d5\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u300cWenxin Keli\uff08\u6e29\u5fc3\u9846\u7c92\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e2d\u56fd\u3067\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u85ac\u5264\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3068\u63a8\u5968\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5fc3\u623f\u7d30\u52d5\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u3053\u306e\u85ac\u3092\u670d\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u793a\u3059\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u6442\u53d6\u3084\u6cbb\u7642\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7acb\u8a3c\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\uff08Deckers, 2023: \u7b2c6\u7ae0\u3001\u7279\u306b6.4-6.6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">3. How to navigate the black box of AI? \/ AI\u306e\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3069\u3046\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even where AI systems may be reliable, they may not be transparent. Some talk about the black box of AI to refer to this lack of transparency (Von Eschenbach 2021). Some AI systems are deliberately designed in that way as the companies that develop them may be keen to protect their intellectual property. They may not like to give away their trade secrets. Although this is understandable, health care workers are challenged with tricky dilemmas here: do they trust AI systems where it is not clear how their outputs (e.g. treatment recommendations) are produced?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u900f\u660e\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u900f\u660e\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3001AI\u306e\u300c\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff08Von Eschenbach, 2021\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306eAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u305f\u4f01\u696d\u304c\u77e5\u7684\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u793e\u306e\u6a5f\u5bc6\u3092\u5b88\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7406\u7531\u306f\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306f\u5384\u4ecb\u306a\u30b8\u30ec\u30f3\u30de\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6cbb\u7642\u306e\u63a8\u5968\u306a\u3069\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u51fa\u529b\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u306f\u305d\u306eAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4fe1\u983c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"923\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-119\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 3: CC BY-SA 4.0; Krauss Vector: Pduive23; https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Blackbox3D-withGraphs.svg<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you ever use an AI system if you were unclear what its recommendations were based on?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3082\u3057AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u63a8\u5968\u304c\u4f55\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u4e0d\u660e\u306a\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, this lack of explainability is not due to the company wanting to hide how systems works, but due to an inherent feature of some systems, for example those that rely on \u2018machine learning\u2019. Here, AI systems are fed with huge amounts of data, and the machine \u2018learns\u2019 to find patterns in the data that may help health care workers to identify diseases or to make treatment decisions. In the UK, a TBS (\u2018transplant benefit score\u2019) model is currently being used to help health care workers to make decisions about which patients to allocate organs to (Lee et al. 2023). A new AI system has been shown to be able to do a better job, at least if we class \u2018better\u2019 here in terms of organs lasting longer. However, the problem is that those who designed it do not understand how it manages to do this (Wingfield et al. 2020). A patient might ask here why they did not deserve priority over another patient in transplant decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u90e8\u306eAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8aac\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u304c\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u96a0\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u6a5f\u68b0\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u306f\u81a8\u5927\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u6295\u5165\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u304c\u305d\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u3084\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u91dd\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3066\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u3001TBS\uff08\u81d3\u5668\u79fb\u690d\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\uff09\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u3001\u81d3\u5668\u3092\u3069\u306e\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08Lee et al., 2023\uff09\u3002\u65b0\u3057\u3044AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u81d3\u5668\u306e\u751f\u7740\u6301\u7d9a\u671f\u9593\u3092\u57fa\u6e96\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3088\u308a\u512a\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u51fa\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u554f\u984c\u306f\u3001\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u305d\u306eAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u70b9\u3067\u3059\uff08Wingfield et al., 2020\uff09\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u3001\u79fb\u690d\u306e\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u304c\u306a\u305c\u4ed6\u306e\u60a3\u8005\u3088\u308a\u3082\u4f4e\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5c0b\u306d\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect for a moment on what a health care worker might tell the patient in this situation?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u4f55\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The health care worker would need to reply that they do not understand the output either. Rather than health care workers relying blindly on AI systems, research (e.g. randomised controlled trials) might be carried out to check whether a particular AI system might make better decisions compared to other ways in which decisions could be made. Where such trials have been carried out, a health care worker might say to a patient that they do not understand the reason behind the decision, but that a study had shown that the machine performed better than a team of people deciding without the help of AI. They would also need to explain to the patient what criterion or criteria had been used to define \u2018better\u2019. It might mean, for example, either that organs last longer or that those who receive the transplanted organs suffer fewer side-effects. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u51fa\u529b\u306e\u7406\u7531\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u304cAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u983c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u5316\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a66\u9a13\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306eAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u3088\u308a\u826f\u3044\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a66\u9a13\u304c\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u306f\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3088\u308a\u305d\u306eAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3088\u308a\u3082\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u300c\u3088\u308a\u512a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u305f\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u81d3\u5668\u306e\u751f\u7740\u6301\u7d9a\u671f\u9593\u304c\u9577\u3044\u304b\u3001\u79fb\u690d\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u304c\u3088\u308a\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u57fa\u6e96\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">4. How to use AI data responsibly? \/ AI\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By using AI systems, health care workers are also able to gather a lot more patient data than they used to be able to, to analyse it better, and to store it more easily for a long period of time. The handling of AI data comes with significant moral risks. These include inadvertent data loss, deliberate sharing of data, and the inappropriate use of data for research. Even if confidentiality is an important value, it may need to be traded off with other values, for example beneficence (well-being). The classical model of consent is that patients should provide consent for specific therapeutic goals or research projects. This might be questioned as many ascribe value to the fact that AI systems can pool data gathered from multiple sources, store it with greater ease, and for a much longer time. Data that may not be useful today may become useful in the future. The usage of data for as yet unspecified research projects (a long time) in the future would be problematic if we hold on to the idea that patients should be allowed to consent only for specified research projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u306f\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u60a3\u8005\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u53ce\u96c6\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3088\u308a\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u9577\u671f\u9593\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001AI\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u6271\u3044\u306b\u306f\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u502b\u7406\u7684\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u4f34\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u5076\u767a\u7684\u306a\u640d\u5931\u3001\u6545\u610f\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5171\u6709\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u3078\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u4e0d\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4f7f\u7528\u306a\u3069\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6a5f\u5bc6\u4fdd\u6301\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u4fa1\u5024\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u4ed6\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u300c\u5584\u884c\u300d\uff08\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u540c\u610f\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6cbb\u7642\u76ee\u7684\u3084\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u540c\u610f\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u6e90\u304b\u3089\u53ce\u96c6\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u9577\u671f\u9593\u4fdd\u5b58\u3067\u304d\u308b\u70b9\u306b\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3059\u4eba\u3082\u591a\u304f\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u306f\u5f79\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6709\u76ca\u306b\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u672a\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u9577\u671f\u9593\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c\u60a3\u8005\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u306e\u307f\u540c\u610f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3051\u3070\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine that an AI system helps you to find out that a particular patient is at greater risk of developing cancer compared to the average patient, for example through the AI system analysing particular images of the patient\u2019s tissues and finding that some are pre-cancerous. The patient does not know about this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u60f3\u50cf\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u524d\u304c\u3093\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3042\u308b\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u5e73\u5747\u7684\u306a\u60a3\u8005\u3088\u308a\u3082\u304c\u3093\u767a\u751f\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u306f\u77e5\u3089\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3069\u3046\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-120\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 4: CC0 1.0; cancer cells as viewed under a microscope; rawpixel.com<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect for a moment on what you might do with this newly acquired information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6271\u3046\u3079\u304d\u304b\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This finding might be highly relevant for the patient if the patient could be screened for cancer more regularly because of this finding, and if early detection of cancer might help in the treatment. This is not always guaranteed. For example, thanks to recent technological breakthroughs in AI, more patients can be diagnosed with thyroid cancer. However, in spite of this, prognoses for patients suffering from thyroid cancer have not improved significantly (Ho et al. 2015; van Deen et al. 2023). Moreover, some cancers can resolve without any treatment, a phenomenon known as spontaneous remission (Radha and Lopus 2021). While scientists think that this is rare, if technology to diagnose cancer is improved, more cancers that might resolve without any treatment may be identified. Before health care workers decide to share information with patients, it is therefore important to assess whether it might be better for the patient not to receive information, particularly when it might make them anxious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u767a\u898b\u306f\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3053\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u5b9a\u671f\u7684\u306b\u304c\u3093\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u767a\u898b\u304c\u6cbb\u7642\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001AI\u306e\u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b69\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u304c\u3093\u3068\u8a3a\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u304c\u3093\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u4e88\u5f8c\u306f\u5287\u7684\u306b\u306f\u6539\u5584\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\uff08Ho et al., 2015; van Deen et al., 2023\uff09\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u304c\u3093\u306f\u6cbb\u7642\u306a\u3057\u306b\u81ea\u7136\u3068\u6d88\u5931\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u5bdb\u89e3\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08Radha and Lopus, 2021\uff09\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3053\u308c\u304c\u7a00\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u304c\u3093\u8a3a\u65ad\u6280\u8853\u304c\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6cbb\u7642\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3093\u304c\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u767a\u898b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u3068\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u6709\u76ca\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u3092\u4e0d\u5b89\u306b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u306a\u304a\u3055\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">5. What are the ethical issues related to the use of carebots? \/ \u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u4ecb\u8b77\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff09\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u502b\u7406\u7684\u554f\u984c\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In a rapidly ageing society, for example in Japan, relatively few young people must care for an increasing number of older people. Care robots (or \u2018carebots\u2019) have been designed to take over some of this care work (Robson 2019). This raises some dilemmas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6025\u901f\u306b\u9ad8\u9f62\u5316\u304c\u9032\u3080\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u82e5\u8005\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u9ad8\u9f62\u8005\u4eba\u53e3\u3092\u652f\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u3001\u30b1\u30a2\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u300d\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u4ecb\u8b77\u696d\u52d9\u3092\u4ee3\u66ff\u3059\u308b\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08Robson, 2019\uff09\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u30b8\u30ec\u30f3\u30de\u304c\u751f\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect on the following questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Are carebots able to provide good care?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Might there be situations where they cannot do so?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Might the extensive use of carebots in the (health) care sector lead to problematic ideas about what human care should consist of?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\u826f\u3044\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u5e83\u304f\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30b1\u30a2\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 5: CC-BY 2.0; Marco Verch; \u00c4lterer Mann sitzt neben humanoidem Roboter in einem Caf\u00e9; https:\/\/ccnull.de\/index.php\/foto\/aelterer-mann-sitzt-neben-humanoidem-roboter-in-einem-cafe\/1102624<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carebots may be able to provide good care, but it does not seem appropriate to hold the view that they could replace the care that human beings can provide. To lift someone who is very heavy in and out of bed, for example, a carebot might be able to do a very good job. Indeed, it might be able to do a much better job than could be done by a human carer where the latter would lack the physical strength possessed by the AI device. However, a carebot would not seem to be able to provide human care. How could essential attributes of care, such as compassion, love, and tenderness, be shown by an AI device? An AI system might be able to simulate these traits, which may lead the human being who is being cared for to think that they receive real care. Potentially, this might lead to misconceptions about what \u2018AI care\u2019 is and about what \u2018human care\u2019 is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u826f\u3044\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u63d0\u4f9b\u3067\u304d\u308b\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4ee3\u66ff\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u9069\u5207\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u91cd\u3044\u4eba\u3092\u30d9\u30c3\u30c9\u304b\u3089\u6301\u3061\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u79fb\u52d5\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u826f\u3044\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u3001\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u529b\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u4ecb\u8b77\u8005\u3088\u308a\u3082\u512a\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u30b1\u30a2\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u601d\u3044\u3084\u308a\u300d\u300c\u611b\u60c5\u300d\u300c\u512a\u3057\u3055\u300d\u3092AI\u30c7\u30d0\u30a4\u30b9\u304c\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3059\u308c\u3070\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1fAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7279\u6027\u3092\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u4ecb\u8b77\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u672c\u7269\u306e\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3055\u3048\u3042\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u300cAI\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30b1\u30a2\u300d\u3068\u300c\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30b1\u30a2\u300d\u304c\u4f55\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u751f\u3058\u3055\u305b\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">6. Is the use of AI for health care sustainable? \/ \u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The implementation of large amounts of data into AI systems also raises other issues, for example related to the notion of sustainability. This notion has both a social and an ecological component.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u81a8\u5927\u306a\u91cf\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u300c\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Socially, the question must be asked whether current work that is being carried out in the AI sector can and, more importantly, ought to be sustained. The development of \u2018machine learning\u2019, for example, relies on a large number of data being fed into computer systems, which requires a lot of time, and may not be the most interesting type of work. It may also not be paid well, raising the question whether some people are being exploited to develop AI and what ought to be done about this. Heilinger et al. (2024, p. 206) comment, for example that \u2018the financial gains made from AI-based systems are distributed extremely unequally, as can be shown by comparing the annual financial gains of, say, Amazon\u2019s CEO on the one extreme end and the underpaid labourers working under dangerous and exploitative conditions in the cobalt mines on the other extreme end\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u751f\u3058\u3066\u304f\u308b\u554f\u3044\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728AI\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f5c\u696d\u304c\u7d99\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3082\u3063\u3068\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u7d99\u7d9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u6a5f\u68b0\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5927\u91cf\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u5165\u529b\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6642\u9593\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4f5c\u696d\u306f\u6700\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u305a\u3001\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8cc3\u91d1\u304c\u652f\u6255\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001AI\u306e\u958b\u767a\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u643e\u53d6\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5bfe\u7b56\u3092\u8b1b\u3058\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002Heilinger\u3089\uff082024\uff09\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30b3\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300cAI\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306b\u5206\u914d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066Amazon\u306eCEO\u304c\u5f97\u308b\u5e74\u9593\u53ce\u76ca\u3068\u3001\u5371\u967a\u3067\u643e\u53d6\u7684\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u50cd\u304f\u30b3\u30d0\u30eb\u30c8\u9271\u5c71\u306e\u52b4\u50cd\u8005\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ecologically, the development of AI also raises questions as vast natural resources are used to build hardware. This, as well as the development and use of software, requires energy, where much of this energy is generated by the use of dwindling natural resources, emitting toxic and dangerous gases in the process (Bol\u00f3n-Canedo et al. 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001AI\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3082\u5927\u304d\u306a\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306e\u88fd\u9020\u306b\u306f\u81a8\u5927\u306a\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306e\u958b\u767a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4f7f\u7528\u3082\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u304c\u6709\u9650\u306e\u5929\u7136\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u6709\u6bd2\u3067\u5371\u967a\u306a\u30ac\u30b9\u304c\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08Bol\u00f3n-Canedo\u3089\u30012024\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-122\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 6: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; Photo by Etienne Girardet on Unsplash; https:\/\/unsplash.com\/?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What do you think should be done to ensure that the development and use of AI systems is sustainable?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3068\u4f7f\u7528\u304c\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5bfe\u7b56\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One thing that could and should be done is to try to make AI systems more energy-efficient. However, this does not guarantee that the development of AI systems will become more sustainable. In this regard, Wu et al. (2022) point out that \u2018despite the significant operational power footprint reduction, we continue to see the overall electricity demand for AI to increase over time \u2014 an example of Jevon\u2019s Paradox, where efficiency improvement stimulates additional novel AI use cases\u2019. Similarly, Heilinger et al. (2024) make the point that AI systems in general are unlikely to be sustainable at the present time as long as the socio-economic situation is one that favours permanent economic growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3072\u3068\u3064\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5bfe\u7b56\u306f\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u3088\u308a\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u826f\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u958b\u767a\u304c\u3088\u308a\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001Wu\u3089\uff082022\uff09\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c\u904b\u7528\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6d88\u8cbb\u304c\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u524a\u6e1b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001AI\u306e\u96fb\u529b\u9700\u8981\u306f\u6642\u9593\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u304c\u65b0\u305f\u306aAI\u306e\u5229\u7528\u5834\u9762\u3092\u60f9\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046Jevon\u306e\u9006\u8aac\u306e\u4e00\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001Heilinger\u3089\uff082024\uff09\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u72b6\u6cc1\u304c\u6052\u4e45\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u6210\u9577\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u9650\u308a\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u4f4e\u3044\u3068\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">7. Does AI change human self-understandings or identities, and does it do so for better and\/or for worse? \/ AI\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u308c\u306f\u826f\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306a\u306e\u304b\u60aa\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In spite of this lack of sustainability, Heilinger et al. (2024, p. 210) also claim that \u2018AI is likely to increasingly influence and shape human lives in the future\u2019, which raises the question whether it might change human self-understandings or even human nature, and whether it might do so for better or for worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001Heilinger\u3089\uff082024\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300cAI\u306f\u4eca\u5f8c\u307e\u3059\u307e\u3059\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001AI\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u3044\u304c\u751f\u3058\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304c\u826f\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306a\u306e\u304b\u60aa\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306a\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect for a moment on how the self-understandings or identities\/characters of health care workers and patients who use AI might differ from those who do not use AI systems at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u3084\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u3001AI\u3092\u5168\u304f\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7570\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While it is hard to say how AI might alter the self-understandings or characters of health care workers and patients, it is likely that the use of AI systems alters people in profound ways. For example, the time that a doctor spends looking at a screen competes with the time that the doctor communicates with patients, which may affect the self-understandings of both. A patient who uses the internet to look up health-related information may also be transformed by what they read, which may influence how they approach a doctor, for example by enabling them to ask more relevant questions. A patient with a prosthetic limb that incorporates features of an AI system may also alter their understandings of themselves as their body is, arguably, enhanced by the prosthetic, which enables the person to move better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u304c\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u3084\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u7279\u6027\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3092\u65ad\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u304c\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3001\u6df1\u304f\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u9ad8\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u533b\u5e2b\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u3068\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u53d6\u308b\u6642\u9593\u304c\u30b9\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3081\u308b\u6642\u9593\u3068\u7af6\u5408\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304c\u533b\u5e2b\u3068\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u5065\u5eb7\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3084\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3001\u533b\u5e2b\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3088\u308a\u7684\u78ba\u306a\u8cea\u554f\u3092\u884c\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u642d\u8f09\u3057\u305f\u7fa9\u80a2\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u304c\u88dc\u5b8c\u3055\u308c\u3001\u52d5\u304d\u3084\u3059\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u304c\u5909\u308f\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A more profound change might be brought about by a system that detects levels of dopamine in the body and that administers medication to boost dopamine levels in Parkinson\u2019s patients, who may go on to live with fewer symptoms of the disease because of it. An even more significant change might be brought about by an AI system that would detect the presence of particular (quantities of) hormones in the body, for example oxytocin, and release chemicals to restore any imbalances at appropriate times to facilitate pro-social behaviour. The identity of a person who may be quite anti-social might be altered quite significantly if they suddenly become more pro-social because of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6df1\u3044\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3001\u30c9\u30fc\u30d1\u30df\u30f3\u306e\u91cf\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u88dc\u3046\u85ac\u5264\u3092\u6295\u4e0e\u3059\u308bAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30fc\u30ad\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u304c\u75c7\u72b6\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\u3057\u3066\u751f\u6d3b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30db\u30eb\u30e2\u30f3\uff08\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u30aa\u30ad\u30b7\u30c8\u30b7\u30f3\uff09\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u91cf\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8cea\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306a\u30bf\u30a4\u30df\u30f3\u30b0\u3067\u653e\u51fa\u3059\u308bAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6025\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u306a\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"548\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-123\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 7: CC0; Low Section of Person with Prosthetic Leg; https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/low-section-of-person-with-prosthetic-leg-9623428\/<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI is not the only technology that can profoundly impact human identity. For most of evolutionary history, human beings developed in environments that did not provide artificial light, for example. This raises the question whether we are adapted to living in such luminous environments, even if such environments have also provided significant benefits. Like artificial light, AI is likely to have transformed human beings significantly. This raises other interesting questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u6df1\u304f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u9032\u5316\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u671f\u9593\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u5149\u6e90\u306e\u306a\u3044\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u80b2\u307e\u308c\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u5149\u306b\u9069\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7591\u554f\u3092\u6295\u3052\u304b\u3051\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u5149\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6069\u6075\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3059\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001AI\u306f\u4eba\u985e\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4ed6\u306b\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u7591\u554f\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect for a moment on these questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is artificial?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How are different artificial things connected to each other?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How is what is artificial related to what is moral?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>You might explore this theme further in Deckers 2023: chapter 8.3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f55\u304c\u300c\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u4eba\u5de5\u7269\u540c\u58eb\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001Deckers\uff082023\uff09\u306e\u7b2c8\u7ae03\u7bc0\u3067\u3055\u3089\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u63a2\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">8. Do people produce conscious entities when they create AI systems? \/ AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Another interesting question is whether advances in AI technology might alter the AI systems that are being designed in very significant ways. Some scholars suggest that, at some point in the future, AI systems might perhaps become conscious or have experiences (Llorca Albareda et al. 2024). As consciousness\/experience has been associated with (greater) moral status, AI systems might then perhaps no longer be regarded as objects that one can manipulate freely (objects that should be valued for their instrumental value), but as sentient entities that must be regarded as having a higher moral status because of it (that should be valued as \u2018moral patients\u2019 for their intrinsic value) (Deckers 2023: chapter 1.4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5909\u5316\u3092\u9042\u3052\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u306bAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u7d4c\u9a13\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\uff08Llorca Albareda\u3089\u30012024\uff09\u3002\u610f\u8b58\u3084\u7d4c\u9a13\u306f\uff08\u3088\u308a\u9ad8\u3044\uff09\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u64cd\u4f5c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7269\uff08\u9053\u5177\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306e\uff09\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u4fa1\u5024\u3092\u6301\u3064\u300c\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff08Deckers, 2023: \u7b2c1\u7ae04\u7bc0\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"269\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-124\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 8: CC BY-ND 4.0; commander data star trek emoji | AI Emoji Generator; https:\/\/emojis.sh\/<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A different question is whether they might even be subjects with moral agency, or moral agents. Jecker and Nakazawa (2022, p. 770) remark that \u2018the Japanese saying, <em>Yoyorozu-no-Kami<\/em> (8 million gods), expresses the idea that the Japanese see gods in everything\u2019, and they suggest that Japanese people may be more open compared to many others to the idea of some AI systems being animated. Imagine an AI system that looks a great deal like a real doctor, for example a social robot with human-like features (for example, like Lieutenant Commander Data, an android or humanoid robot featuring in the Star Trek television series), such as a voice that simulates a human voice and a shape that resembles that of a human being. Some patients may come to regard such an AI machine as a real doctor, but would it be a real doctor (Llorca Albareda et al. 2024)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u300c\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u30a8\u30fc\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c8\u300d\u306b\u306a\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5225\u306e\u554f\u3044\u3082\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002Jecker and Nakazawa\uff082022\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300e\u516b\u767e\u4e07\u306e\u795e\uff08\u3084\u304a\u3088\u308d\u305a\u306e\u304b\u307f\uff09\u300f\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u795e\u6027\u304c\u5bbf\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4ed6\u56fd\u6c11\u3088\u308a\u3082AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u7279\u5fb4\uff08\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u58f0\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u97f3\u58f0\u3084\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u5f62\u72b6\u3092\u6a21\u5023\u3057\u305f\u5916\u89b3\uff09\u3092\u6301\u3064\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306aAI\u6a5f\u68b0\u3092\u672c\u7269\u306e\u533b\u5e2b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u306a\u3059\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u300c\u533b\u5e2b\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f\uff08Llorca Albareda\u3089\u30012024\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reflect for a moment on whether an AI machine might ever be a moral decision-maker? If so, who would be to blame if a bad decision was made: the AI system (now regarded as an AI doctor), the company that designed it, the person who decides to use it, or some combination of some of these?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8003\u5bdf\u306e\u6642\u9593<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u6a5f\u68b0\u304c\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u306a\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u4e0b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304c\u4e0b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u8ab0\u304c\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1fAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff08AI\u533b\u5e2b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3057\u305f\u4f01\u696d\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some nonhuman animals have been put on trial in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u52d5\u7269\uff08\u4eba\u9593\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff09\u304c\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/files\/2024\/12\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-125\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><sub>Image 9: in public domain, from Chambers (1864), depicting a sow and her piglets being tried for the murder of a child. The trial is held to have taken place in 1457: the mother was found guilty and the piglets were acquitted.<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Might the time now have come for some AI systems to carry some blame? A lot of philosophical work is currently being done to try to address whether some AI systems might be moral patients or moral agents. The important message for (training) health carers might be this one: the burden of proof should be on those who claim that AI systems might carry (part of) the blame. There does not seem to be sufficient evidence to suggest that human beings should be exculpated from any wrong decisions that they may make with the use of AI systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3082\u3057\u304b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u306fAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u308f\u305b\u308b\u6642\u4ee3\u304c\u6765\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f\u73fe\u5728\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u300cAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3084\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u30a8\u30fc\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c8\u3068\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\uff08\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eca\u5f8c\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u306a\u308b\u7686\u3055\u3093\uff09\u3078\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30e1\u30c3\u30bb\u30fc\u30b8\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3059\u3002\u8cac\u4efb\u304cAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306b\u7acb\u8a3c\u8cac\u4efb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u514d\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u5341\u5206\u306a\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u73fe\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI systems cannot be blamed as they are not moral agents. Takahiro Nakajima (2024) writes rightly that \u2018AI does not understand the &#8220;meaning&#8221; of the character strings it presents at all\u2019 and that \u2018chatting with AI is ultimately a monologue, not a dialogue\u2019. However, one should be mindful that some AI systems designers may try to dodge responsibility for their creations by blaming the systems, rather than those who produced them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u8ca0\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e2d\u5cf6\u9686\u535a\uff082024\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300cAI\u306f\u63d0\u793a\u3059\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u300e\u610f\u5473\u300f\u3092\u5168\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300cAI\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u306f\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u306f\u72ec\u308a\u8a00\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5bfe\u8a71\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u7684\u78ba\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306eAI\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306bAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u6ce8\u610f\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">9. Conclusion \/ \u307e\u3068\u3081<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This learning resource was designed to stimulate ethical discussion of how health care might be improved and undermined by the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and how AI systems ought to be designed and used to promote health care. Topics included how to ensure that AI for health care is evidence-based, how one might navigate the black box of AI, how one might use AI data responsibly, what the ethical issues are related to the use of carebots, whether the use of AI for health care is sustainable and what should be done to ensure social and ecological sustainability, as well as whether AI changes us and whether we change the entities used to create AI systems. Health care workers and patients may wonder about many other topics related to AI. However, the main problems and opportunities associated with the use of AI systems in health care may be captured in this resource.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u6559\u6750\u306f\u3001\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u3092\u5411\u4e0a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u640d\u306a\u3046\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\uff08AI\uff09\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305fAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a2d\u8a08\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u306e\u4fc3\u9032\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u559a\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u6271\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u304c\u30a8\u30d3\u30c7\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u306e\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff08\u4ecb\u8b77\u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff09\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u502b\u7406\u7684\u554f\u984c\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u304b\uff1f\u305d\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u306f\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306fAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u3084\u60a3\u8005\u306f\u3001AI\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30c8\u30d4\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u7591\u554f\u3092\u62b1\u304f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3084\u6a5f\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6559\u6750\u3067\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">Exercises\/Group Discussion Questions \/ \u6f14\u7fd2\u30fb\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30ab\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following list of questions can be used to stimulate personal reflection, classroom discussion or essay writing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. What would you do to check whether an AI system that is being used in health care might provide good information?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Would you ever use an AI system in health care if you did not understand what the outputs of the system were based on? If so, what would be the conditions for using it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. What should health care workers and researchers do to ensure that they use AI data responsibly?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Would you ever condone the use of carebots? If so, what would be the conditions?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. What should designers and users of AI systems in health care, as well as regulators, do to ensure that the use of such systems is sustainable?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. How might the self-understandings or the nature of health care workers and patients be affected by the use of AI systems in health care?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Do you think that people produce conscious entities when they create AI systems, and what might be the moral implications of creating conscious AI systems?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3001\u6388\u696d\u3067\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30ab\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3001\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u4f5c\u6210\u306e\u306b\u5fdc\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308bAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u624b\u6bb5\u3092\u8b1b\u3058\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u51fa\u529b\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u304c\u4e0d\u660e\u306a\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u8cdb\u6210\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u3084\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304cAI\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u3092\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30b1\u30a2\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5411\u3051AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u3001\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u898f\u5236\u5f53\u5c40\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u304c\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u3084\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u81ea\u5df1\u8a8d\u8b58\u3084\u6027\u8cea\u306f\u3001AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u969b\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u6301\u3064AI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">References \/ \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bol\u00f3n-Canedo, V., Mor\u00e1n-Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Cancela, B. and Alonso-Betanzos, A., 2024. A review of green artificial intelligence: Towards a more sustainable future. <em>Neurocomputing<\/em>, 599 (September), 1-10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chambers, R. 1864. <em>The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, &amp; History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character<\/em>. W. &amp; R. Chambers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deckers, J. 2023. <em>Fundamentals of Critical Thinking in Health Care Ethics and Law<\/em>. Ghent: Owl Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heilinger, J.C., Kempt, H. and Nagel, S., 2024. Beware of sustainable AI! Uses and abuses of a worthy goal. <em>AI and Ethics<\/em>, 4(2), 201-212.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ho, A.S., Davies, L., Nixon, I.J., Palmer, F.L., Wang, L.Y., Patel, S.G., Ganly, I., Wong, R.J., Tuttle, R.M., and L.G. Morris., 2015. Increasing diagnosis of subclinical thyroid cancers leads to spurious improvements in survival rates. <em>Cancer<\/em>, 121(11): 1793-1799.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jecker, N.S. and Nakazawa, E., 2022. Bridging east-west differences in ethics guidance for AI and robotics. <em>AI<\/em>, 3(3), 764-777.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Llorca Albareda, J., Garc\u00eda, P. and Lara, F., 2024. The Moral Status of AI Entities. In Lara, F. and Deckers, J. (eds). 2024. <em>Ethics of Artificial Intelligence<\/em>, Cham: Springer, pp. 59-83.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lee, E.G., Perini, M.V., Makalic, E., Oniscu, G.C. and Fink, M.A., 2023. External validation of the United Kingdom transplant benefit score in Australia and New Zealand. <em>Progress in Transplantation<\/em>, 33(1), 25-33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Loughlin, M., 2008. Reason, reality and objectivity\u2013shared dogmas and distortions in the way both \u2018scientistic\u2019and \u2018postmodern\u2019commentators frame the EBM debate. <em>Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice<\/em>, 14(5), 665-671.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moyano-Fern\u00e1ndez, C. and Rueda, J., 2024. AI, Sustainability, and Environmental Ethics. In Lara, F. and Deckers, J. (eds). 2024. <em>Ethics of Artificial Intelligence<\/em>, Cham: Springer, pp. 219-236.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nakajima, T., 2024. <em>Listening to the Daoing in the Morning<\/em>. Paper presented at the Kyoto Institute of Philosophy, November 2, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Radha, G. and Lopus, M., 2021. The spontaneous remission of cancer: Current insights and therapeutic significance. <em>Translational Oncology<\/em>, 14(9), p.101166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Robson, A., 2019. Intelligent machines, care work and the nature of practical reasoning. <em>Nursing ethics<\/em>, 26(7-8), 1906-1916.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strickland, E., 2019. IBM Watson, heal thyself: How IBM overpromised and underdelivered on AI health care. <em>IEEE Spectrum<\/em>, 56(4), 24-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>van Deen, W.K., Spiegel, B.M. and Ho, A.S., 2023. A narrative review of decision aids for low-risk thyroid cancer. <em>Ann Thyroid<\/em>, 8(3), 1-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Von Eschenbach, W.J., 2021. Transparency and the black box problem: Why we do not trust AI. <em>Philosophy &amp; Technology<\/em>, 34(4), 1607-1622.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wingfield, L.R., Ceresa, C., Thorogood, S., Fleuriot, J. and S. Knight. 2020. Using artificial intelligence for predicting survival of individual grafts in liver transplantation: a systematic review. <em>Liver Transplantation<\/em>, 26(7), 922-934.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wu, C.J., Raghavendra, R., Gupta, U., Acun, B., Ardalani, N., Maeng, K., Chang, G., Aga, F., Huang, J., Bai, C. and Gschwind, M., 2022. Sustainable ai: Environmental implications, challenges and opportunities. <em>Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems<\/em>, 4, 795-813.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u502b\u7406\u3001\u30d8\u30eb\u30b9\u30b1\u30a2\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u7fd2\u6559\u6750 \u00a9 2024, Jan Deckers and Eisuke Nakazawa Preliminary note \/ \u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b This learning resource was developed by Jan Deckers with advice from Eisuke Nakazawa, who wrote the Japanese translation. The Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation provided the funding. This learning &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/2024\/12\/28\/learning-resource-on-ethics-health-care-and-artificial-intelligence\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2016,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorised"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2016"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":131,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112\/revisions\/131"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ncl.ac.uk\/jandeckers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}